Chapter 16: Mining and Mineral Resources
This chapter uncovers the rocks beneath our feet—literally. You’ll learn what minerals are, how they form, and how we use them in everything from electronics to toothpaste. We explore the difference between metallic and nonmetallic minerals, and how ores are located, mined, and processed. Then we dig into mining methods—from subsurface tunnels to giant open-pit mines—and look at how processes like smelting and placer mining extract valuable resources. But it’s not all treasure: mining can have serious environmental consequences. From water pollution to habitat destruction and even underground mine fires, this chapter shows why mining is one of the most heavily regulated industries. You’ll also learn how reclamation laws help repair the land after the digging stops. By the end, you’ll see that every mineral comes with a cost—and a choice.
Chapter 17: Nonrenewable Energy
This chapter explores the energy sources that power most of the modern world—fossil fuels and nuclear energy. We start with fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas: how they form, how we extract and use them, and the environmental and economic issues tied to their use. You’ll learn how electricity is generated in power plants and how energy use differs around the world. Then we examine nuclear energy—how splitting atoms (fission) releases massive amounts of energy, how nuclear power plants work, and why some countries depend heavily on them. We’ll also tackle the risks: radioactive waste, reactor safety, and disasters like Chernobyl. Finally, we look to the future, including the potential of nuclear fusion. Spoiler alert: nonrenewables won’t last forever, so understanding them is the first step toward what comes next.
Chapter 18: Renewable Energy
This chapter introduces energy sources that won’t run out—at least not in our lifetimes. You’ll explore renewable energy options like solar, wind, water, geothermal, and biomass, learning how each one works, their pros and cons, and where they’re being used around the world. From rooftop solar panels and wind farms to micro-hydropower and methane from manure, we’ll break down the technologies changing how we power our lives. Then we shift into alternative energy and conservation, including tidal energy, hydrogen fuel cells, and hybrid cars. You’ll also learn the difference between energy efficiency and energy conservation—and how small changes in daily life (like turning off lights or sealing windows) can lead to big savings. The future of energy is clean, smart, and sustainable—and this chapter is your blueprint.
Chapter 19: Waste
This chapter tackles the messy truth about what we throw away—and what happens to it after the trash truck drives off. We begin with solid waste: how much we produce, what’s in it, and where it all goes (spoiler: mostly landfills). You’ll learn about biodegradable vs. nonbiodegradable materials, the problems with plastics, and the environmental risks of leachate and methane. Then we explore ways to reduce solid waste through source reduction, recycling, composting, and even switching to degradable plastics. Finally, we dive into hazardous waste: what makes it dangerous, how it’s regulated, and methods used for disposal—from incineration to deep-well injection. You’ll also see how everyday household items like paint, batteries, and motor oil can be part of the problem—or the solution. It’s all about cleaning up our act—literally.
Mrs. Ederington 